Trafford Publishing 
Bloomington , Indiana , USA

Book 2005

HOME

Contents
Numbers in brackets refer to numbering on:
www.seaclimate.de 

A.     Introduction

 1    Scope and Aim         
 5    Prologue : Article from 1993 

 B.     Cooling of Europe 

7      Arctic Europe - winter of 1939/40 (2_11)          
23    West Wind lost - Europe cut off (2_12)          
37    War at sea 1939 -  Facts and events (2_13)          
45    Sea Mines September - December 1939 (2_14)          
59    Bombs and depth charges at sea (2_15)          
69    Cooling of North Sea - 1939 (2_16)          
87    Baltic Sea paved way for extreme winter (2_17)          
97    Cyclones and shells - War at sea events (2_21)          
107   Resultant Rain due to War - 1939 (2_31)          
117   USA winter weather 1939/40 caused by war 2_32)          
123   War in China  - 1939 (2_33)          
127   Russia invades Finland, December 1939 (2_41)          
141   Turkey Earth Quake - 27 December 1939 (2_51)          
149   Mediterranean - Strange weather - winter 1939/40 (2_52) 

C.     Three European winters: 1939 – 42 

153   Occupation of Norway - Return of Ice Age (3_11)          
173   Naval activities in Baltic Sea 1941 (3_21)            
181   Winter weather - Cold axis 1941/42 (3_22)          
193   Stockholm’s arctic winter of 1942 (3_23)          
199   Three year ice package, 1939-1942 (3_31)  

D.    Global sea war and climate changes 

211   Oceans in times of war: 1942 to 1945  (4_11)          
225   Ocean System affected (4_12)          
245   Extreme winter of 1946/47 in Europe (4_21)  

E.     Severe Warming 1918 

251   Europe Weather-Influence by WWI (5_11)
263   Spitsbergen heats up - Big Warming 1918 (5_12)
275   WWI warms up climate at Spitsbergen? (5_13)
285   Sea Mines Warfare 1914 - 1918 (5_14)
291   Warming of Europe, Greening of Greenland (5_15) 

F.      Climate changes twice 

303   Two wars at sea - Two climate shifts (6_11)          
311   Epilogue, Article from 1994          

G.  313   References   

G. References

 Barnett, T.P., (Surface); ‘Long-term trends in surface temperature over the Oceans’, in: Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 112, February 1984, pp. 303-312.

 Barnett, T.P.(Pacific); ‘On the nature and causes of large-scale thermal variability in the central North Pacific Ocean’, in: J. Phys. Oceanography. Vol. 11, 1981, pp. 887-904.

 Bernaerts, Arnd, (Climate 1992), ‘Conditions necessary for the protection of world climate’, Geesthacht 1992; published in German by Verein der Freunde und Foerderer des GKSS-Forschungszentrums Geesthacht e.V. : ISSN 0934-9804. Pages 42. (Available on www.oceanclimate.de, Previous Essays).

 Bernaerts, Arnd (Pacific); ‘Reliability of sea-surface temperature data taken during wartime in the Pacific’, presented at Symposium on Resource Development, August 8-9, 1997, Hong Kong, in: PACON 97 Proceedings, pp. 240-250. (Available on www.oceanclimate.de, Previous Essays).

 Bernaerts, Arnd (Atlantic); “How useful are Atlantic sea-surface temperature measurements taken during World War II”, paper submitted at the Oceanology International 1998 Conference, “The Global Ocean”, 10-13 March 1998, Brighton/UK; published in Conference Proceedings Vol. 1, p 121-130. (Available on www.oceanclimate.de, Previous Essays).

 Bernaerts, Arnd (Black Sea); “Could the Black Sea serve as model case for progress in ocean observing, assessment and legal developments?”,  published by Verein der Freunde und Foerderer des GKSS-Forschungszentrums Geesthacht e.V.; ISSN 0934-9804, 1997; Pages 58. (Available on www.oceanclimate.de, Previous Essays).

 Bernaerts, Arnd (Nature), ‘Climate Change’, Letter to Editor, in Nature, Vol. 360, 1992,  p. 292. (Available on www.oceanclimate.de, Previous Essays).

 Bernaerts, Arnd (Law Institute); “Legal means for understanding the marine and climate change issue”, in: Thomas A. Mensah (ed), “Ocean Governance: Strategies and Approaches for the 21st Century”, Proceedings The Law of the Sea Institute, 28th Conference, Hawaii, 1994, pp. 156 – 180. (Available on www.oceanclimate.de, Previous Essays).

 Bigg, G.R., and Inque, M.; ‘Rossby waves and El Niño during 1935-46’, in: Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. (1992), No.118, p. 125-152.

 Birkeland, B.J.; ‘Temperaturvariationen auf Spitzbergen’, Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Juni 1930,  p. 234-236.

 Bjerknes. J. (Fluctuation); ‘Climate Fluctuation over the oceans and in the tropical Atlantic’, in: Change of Climate; Proc. of the Rome Symposium, UNESCO/WMO, 1963,  p. 297-319.

 Bjerknes, J. (Atlantic); ‚The Recent Warming of the North Atlantic’; in: Bolin, Bert, ‚The Atmosphere and Sea in Motion’, Oxford 1959, p. 65ff.

 Blüthgen, Joachim (Geo); ‘Geographie der winterlichen Kaltlufteinbrüche in Europa’, Hamburg 1940, p. 13; Blüthgen cited the reproduced text from: Kuznetzow-Ugamski, I.N. Tschto takoje klimat? Journal geofiki 1933, III, S. 249-262 (russ.).

 Blüthgen, Joachim (Eis); ‘Die Eisverhältnisse der Küstengewässer von Mecklenburg-Vorpommern’, Remagen 1954.

 Broennimann, S.;  Luterbacher, J.; StaehelinJ., Svendby, T.M.; Hansen, H.& Svenøe, T.; ‚”Extreme climate of the global troposphere and stratosphere in 1940–42 related to El Niño”, in Nature, Vol. 431, 21 October 2004, p. 971-974.

 Brown, P.R.; ‘Climate Fluctuation over the oceans and in the tropical Atlantic’, in: Change of Climate; Proc. of the Rome Symposium, UNESCO/WMO, 1963, p.109-117.

 Brooks, C.E.P (1938); ‘The Warming Artic’, in: The Meteorological Magazine, Vol. 73, March 1938, pp. 29-31.

 Brooks, Charles F.(1939/40); ‘Some remarkable features of the past winter (1939/40)’, in: Bulletin American Meteorological Soc., Vol. 21, April 1940, pp. 157 – 162.

 Businger, Steven and Jong-Jin Baik: ‘An Artic Hurricane over the Bering Sea’, Monthly Weather Review, Vol.119, September 1991, p. 2293-2322.

 Carruthers, J.N.; ‘Some interrelationships of Meteorology and Oceanography’, in: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Met. Soc., Vol. 67, No. 291, July 1941, p. 207-230.

 Cave, C.J.P.; ‚The ice storm of January 27-29, 1940’, and Discussion; Quarterly Journal of Royal Met. Soc., Vol. 66, No. 285, 1940, p.143-150.

 Chen, Dake; Cane, M.A.; Kaplan, A; Zewblak, S.E.; Huang, D.; ‘Predictability of El Niño over the past 148 years’, NATURE, Vol. 248, 15 April 2004, p. 733-735.

 Climate Change Science Program, “Strategic Plan for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program”, July 2003; prepared by Climate Change Science Program, submitted in July 2003 (available via internet), ca. 300 pages.

 Correspondence, Greenwich; Communicated by the Astronomer Royal, ‚Meteorological observations at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, during the year 1939’; Quarterly Journal of Royal Met. Soc., 1940, p.  207.

 Correspondence, Camden; Summary of meteorological observations made at Camden Square (London) during the year 1939’; Quarterly Journal .of.Royal Met. Soc., 1940,  p. 280.

 Coox, Alvin D.; Nomonhan – Japan Against Russia, 1939, Vol.. 2, Stanford/CA, 1985

 Crease, J.; ‘The flow of Norwegian sea water through the Faeroe Bank Channel’, in: Deep-Sea Research, 1965, Vol. 12, p.143-150.

 Danish Light Vessels; ‘Nauticial-Meteorologicial annual, since 1899 ‘; The Danish Meteorological Institute, Nautical Department, ‘Forklaring til Nautik-meteorologicial Observationer

 Det Danske;  Det Danske Metorologiske Institut; ‘Is- og besejlingsforholdene i de danske Farvande in Vinteren 1939-40; 1940-41; 1941-42; 1947, Kobenhavn.

 Deutsches Meteorologisches Jahrbuch, 1939 ff  (see: Witterungsbericht). 

Deutscher Witterungsbericht, 1939 ff (see: Witterungsbericht). 

Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut, (see: DHI) 

Deutsche Seewarte (see: Seewarte), German Weather Charts and Analysis.

 Deser, Clara, and Maurice L. Blackmon; ‘Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter: 1900-1989’, In: Journal on Climate, September 1993, pp. 1743-1753.

 DHI-Eisbeobachtung; Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut, ‚Eisbeobachtungen’,  Nr. 17,  Hamburg 1961.

 Dines, J.S.; ‘Greenwich during the year 1940’, Correspondence and Notes; in: Quarterly Journal of Royal Met. Soc. 1942,  p. 180f. 

Drummond, A.J.; ‚Cold winters at Kew Observatory, 1783-1942’; Quarterly Journal of Royal Met. Soc., No. 69, 1943, pp 17-32, and: Drummond, A.J.; Discussion of the paper: ‚Cold winters at Kew Observatory, 1783-1942’; Quarterly Journal of Royal Met. Soc., 1943, p. 147ff.

 Dyke,  Carl van; ‚The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939-40’, London, 1997.

 Elliot, Peter, Allied Minesweeping in World War 2, Cambridge, 1979.

 Eythorsson, J.;  ‘Temperature variations in Iceland), in: Geographiska Annaler, Bd. XXXI, 1949, pp. 36-55.

 Fischer, Rudolf (Darmstadt);  ‚Die kalten Winter 1939/40 und 1940/41 in Darmstadt’, Zeitschrift für angewandte Meteorologie, 59 Jg., 1942, p. 97f. (see also: ’Sehr strenge Kälte im Januar 1940’, Zeitschrift für angewandte Meteorologie, 1940, p.92-93.)

Fischer, Rudolf, (Herbst); ‚Sehr nasser Herbst 1939’,  in: Zeitschrift fuer angewandte Meteorologie, 57 Jahrg., 1940, p.31-32

 Fischer, Rudolf (Berlin) ‚Die kältesten Wintermonate in Berlin 1719 –1941’, Zeitschrift für angewandte Meteorologie, 60. Jahrg, 1943, p. 375f.

 Fischer,  Rudolf (Eistage); Kaelteperioden von Eistagen, Zeitschrift für angewandte Meteorologie, 59. Jahrg., Heft 2, 1942, pp. 54ff.

 Folland, C.K., (Correction) and D.E.Paker; ‘Correction of instrumental biases in historical sea surface temperatures data’, in: Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., Vol. 121, 1995,  p. .319-367. 

Folland C.K., (Worldwide) D.E. Paker , F.E. Kates; ‚Worldwide marine temperatures fluctuations 1856-1981’, in Nature, Vol. 310, August 1984, p.671-673.

 Folland et.al.; (Observed) ‘Observed Climate Variability and Change’, in: ‘Climate Change 1992 – The Supplement Report to The IPCC Scientific Assessment’, Edited by: J.T. Houghton, et.al.; Cambridge, 1992,  p.165.

 Forklaring til Nautisk-meteorologiske Observationer, Copenhagen, annually.

 Furneaux, Rupert; ‘Krakatoa’; Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964; p. 158.

 Frankcom, C.E.N.; ‘Ice conditions in the Baltic and Danube Areas December 1st, 1939 to January 23rd, 1940’, in: The Meteorological Magazine, Vol. 75, February 1940, p. 1-8. 

Frogner, E.; ‘Means and extremes of sea temperatures by the Norwegian coast’, in: Geofysiske Publikasjoner, Vol. XV. No.3., 1948, p. 4-82.

Finnish Institute of Marine Research; M.Leppäranta et.al; “Phases of the ice season in the Baltic Sea’,  No. 254, Suppl.2; Helsinki 1988

 Gilles, D.C.; ‘The Temperature ans Salinity of the Surface Waters of the Irish Sea for the Period 1935-46’, in: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronom. Society, Geophys. Suppl., Vol. 5, Nr. 9, London 1949, p. 374-397.

 Glasspoole, J., and  H. Hoog.; ‘Serial monthly values of mean temperature over the British Isles, 1881-1940, and annual values 1866-1940’; in: Quarterly Journal of Royal Met. Soc. 1942, p. 45ff.

 Goedecke, Erich (Verhalten); ‚Das Verhalten der Oberflächentemperatur in der Deutschen Bucht während der Jahre 1872 –1950 und der Zusammenhang mit dem nordwest-europäischen Meere’, in: Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission für Meeresforschung, Bd. XIII, November 1952, p.1-31.

Goedecke, Erich (Ergebnisse); ‘Über Ergebnisse neuerer Untersuchungen der Temperaturverhältnisse in der Deutschen Bucht’, in: Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission für Meeresforschung, Bd.XIII, Juli 1954, p.283-297. 

Goudie, Andrew; ‘Environmental Change’, Second Edition, Oxford, 1983.

 Goulter, Christina J.M.; ‘A Forgotten Offensive – Royal Air Force Coastal Command’s Anti-Shipping Campaign, 1940-1945’, London, 1955.

 Groissmayr, F.B (1944); ‘Die gewaltigen Temperaturstoerungen auf der Nordshemisphaere 1920-1942’, in: Zeitschrift fuer angewandte Meteorologie, Jg. 61, 1944, p. 15-56 (15-24, and 49-56). 

Groissmayr, F.B.(1947);  in: Deutscher  Wetterdienst in der US Zone, No. 1 Heft 10, 1947-49, p. 28. 

 Gross, Grant; ‘ Oceanography’, 5th edition, New Jersey, 1990, p. 126.

 Gunton, H.C. (1938/39); ‘Report on the Phenological Observations in British Isles from Dec. 1938, to Nov. 1939’, in: Quarterly Journal of Royal  Met. Soc. 1940, p. 95f.

 Gunton, H.C. (1939/40); ‘Report on the Phenological Observations in British Isles from Dec. 1939, to Nov. 1940’, in: Quarterly Journal of Royal  Met. Soc. 1941, p. 67f.

 Gunton, H.C. (1940/41); ‘Report on the Phenological Observations in British Isles from Dec. 1940 to Nov. 1941’, in: Quarterly Journal of Royal Met. Soc.; Vol.68, No. 294, 1942,  p. 89f)

 Gunton, H.C. (1941/42); ‘Report on the Phenological Observations in British Isles from Dec. 1941  to Nov. 1942’, in: Quarterly Journal of Royal Met. Soc.; Vol.69,  No. 299, 1943,  p. PR1)

 Hackmann, Willem; ‘Seek and Strike, Sonar, anti-submarine warfare and the Royal Navy 1914-54’, London. 1984.

 Hall, Nina (ed.); ‘Chaos – The new scientist Guide to Chaos’; London 1991.

 Hamburger Anzeiger, (vereinigt mit Neue Hamburger Zeitung), news paper in the city of Hamburg/Germany

 Hansen, Donald V., and Hugo F. Bezdek; ‘On the nature of decadal anomalies in North Atlantic sea surface temperature’, in: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 101, No. C4, April 1996, pp. 8749-8758.

 Hartmann, Gregory K., ‘Weapons That Wait – Mine Warfare in the U.S. Navy’, Annapolis, 1979.

 Helland-Hansen, B.; ‘Remarks on some variations in atmosphere and sea’, in: ?, ca. 1950?, pp. 75-82.  Remark: Author apologises for not being able to provide missing data.

 Hesselberg, TH., and Birkeland, B.J.; ‘The continuation of the secular variations of the climate of Norway 1940-50’, in: Geofysiske Publikasjoner Vol. XV. No. 5. , Bergen 1944-56; p. 3-40.

 Hesselberg, Th. (Polar) and Johannessen, T. Werner; in: Sutcliffe, ed.; ‘Polar Atmosphere Symposium – Part I, Meteorology Section; Symposium at Oslo 2-8 July 1956’, London 1958, pp. 18ff.

 Henning, R.; ‘Die Erwärmung der Arktis’, in: WuK, No. 1-2, 1949, p. 49-51.

 Hurd, Willis E. (North Atlantic); ‚North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones of 1939’, in: Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 67, 1939, p. 451.

 Hurd, Willis E. (Tropical); ‚Tropical Disturbances of October 1939’, in: Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 67, 1939, p. 382.

 Hutchison, Kevin Don; ‘World War II in the North Pacific’, Chronology and Fact Book, Westport, 1994.

 Jahrbuch des Norwegischen Meteorologischen Instituts, Tabelle; Abweichungen der Monatsmittel der Lufttemperaturen vom Mittelwert 1901-1930, für 1941.

 Johannsson, O.V.; ‘Die Temperaturverhältnisse Spitzbergens (Svalbard)’, in: Annalen der Hydrographischen Meteorologie, Maerz 1936, pp. 81-96.  

 Jones, P.D., (Global) T.M.L. Wigley, P.B. Wright; ‘Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984’, in: Nature, Vol. 322,  July 1986,  p. 430-434.

 Jones, P.D. et.al. (Surface), Wigley and Kelly; ‘Variations in Surface Temperatures: Part 1. Northern Hemisphere, 1881–1980’, in: Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 110, February 1982, pp. 59-70.

 Jurva, Risto and Palosuo, Erkki; ‘Die Eisverhältnisse in den Finnland umgebenden Meeren in den Wintern 1938 – 1945 und die Baltischen Eiswochen in den Wintern 1938–39’, Meerentutkimuslaitoksen Julkaisu Havsforskningsinstitutets Skrift, No. 188,  Helsinki 1959.

 Kelly, P.M. et.al. (Jones, Sear, Cherry and Tavakol); ‘Variations in Surface Air Temperatures: Part 2. Artic Region, 1818-1980’; in: Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 110,  February 1982,  p. 71-83.

 Kemp, Paul; ‘Convoy! – Drama in Arctic waters’, NN, 1993.

 Kennish, Michael J.; ‘CRC Practical Handbook of Marine Science’, Boca Raton/Florida, 1989.

 Kirch, Regina; ‚Temperaturverhaeltnisse in der Arktis waehrend der letzten 50 Jahre’, in: Meteorologische Abhandlungen, Bd.LXIX Heft 3, Berlin 1966.

 Knies, Jochen; ‚Die Bedeutung des noerdlichen Auslaeufers des Golfstroms fuer unser Klima: Der Westspitzbergenstrom’, in: DGM-Mitteilungen 2/1996, p. 32f.

 Koburger, C.W.; ‘Naval Warfare in the Baltic, 1939-1945 – War in a narrow sea’, Westport USA/London, 1994,  p. 25-41.

 Kunz, Gerhard; ‚Beitraege zur Klimatologie des Europaeischen Nordmeeres’, Dissertation Breslau, 1933, p. 71.

 Kushnir, Yochanan; ‘Inter-decadal variations in North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature and associated atmospheric conditions’, Journal of Climate, Vol.7, January 1994, pp. 141-157.

 Labrijn, Ir.A.; Ijswinters in Nederlands voor het Tijvak 1706–1946; in Holland Geographic Soc.; 1946 (47?), p. 754-763.

 Lamb, H.H.; ‚Climate – Present, Past and Future’, Vol. 2, London, 1st ed. 1977, 2nd ed. ca. 1980s.

 Lamb, H.H. (Arctic Ocean); ‘The Climatic Environment of the Artic Ocean’; in: Louis Rey (ed.), The Arctic Ocean, London 1982, p. 135-161.

 Ledebur, Gerhard Freiherr von, ‘Die Seemine’, Muenchen, 1977.

 Lee, A.J.; ‘Influence of Hydrograph on the Bear Island Cod Fishery’, in:  Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fishery Investigations, Series II, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, London 1955,  p. 72 –102. 

Lehman, Scott; ‘Ice sheets, wayward winds and sea change’, in Nature, Vol. 365, 9 Sept. 1993,  p. 108-110.

 Lenke, Walter; ‘Untersuchungen der aeltesten Temperaturmessungen mit Hilfe des strengen Winters 1708-1709’, in: Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes, Nr. 92, Bd. 13, Offenbach a.M. 1964,  p. 3-45.

 Leppäranta, M. et.al.; see: Finnish Institute of Marine Research “Phases of the ice season in the Baltic Sea’ No. 254, Suppl. 2; Helsinki, 1988.

 Lewis, Lilian, F.; ‘Snow-cover in the British Isles in January and February of the severe winters 1940, 1941 and 1942’, in: Quarterly Journal of Royal Met. Soc., 1943,  p. 215-219.

 Liljequist, Gösta H. (1941/42); ‚Isvintern 1941/42’; in: Statens Meteorologisk – Hydrografiska Anstalt, No.4, 1942,  p. 2-15.

 Liljequist, Gösta H. (Severity); ‘The severity of the winters at Stockholm 1757–1942’, in: Geografiska Annaler 1-2, 1943, p. 81-104; and as an extended paper in: Meddelanden, Serien Uppsatser, Stockholm, 1943, p.1-24.

 Lukas, Roger and Webster, Peter J.; ‘Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Program and Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment’, in: Oceanus, 1992,  p. 62-65.

 Lumby, J.K..; ‘Seasonal changes of water temperatures with depth’; Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 67, July 1941,  p. 234-238. 

Magaard, L. und .Rheinheimer, G. (ed.); ‚Meereskunde der Ostsee’, Berlin 1974, p. 51.

 Mandel, William; ‚Some notes on the Soviet Arctic during the past decade’, in: Journal of Arctic Inst. of North America, Vol. 3, 1950,  p. 55ff

 Manley, Gordon; ‚Some recent contributions to the study of climatic change’, in: Quarterly Journal of Met. Soc., Vol. 73, 1944, p. 197-219. (reference to H.W. Ahlmann; Den nutida klimafluktuationen, Yerm, 61, 1941, p. 11-24).

 Martin, R.J.; ‘The Weather of 1939 in the United States’, in: The Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 67, 1939, pp. 444 - 445.

 Meissner, Otto; ‘Über die Ursachen der abnormen Witterung’, Zeitschrift fuer angewandte Meteorologie, 58. Jahrg., Heft 5, 1941.

 Monthly Weather Review; United States Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau, Washington, 1939 ff,  (Vol. 67ff).

Naegler, W.; ‘Der kälteste Januar seit mindestens 112 Jahren in Dresden’, Zeitschrift für angewandte Meteorologie, 1940, p. 91-92

 Naegler, W. (Schneefall); ‚Grosser Schneefall und Schneebruch im December 1939’, in: Zeitschrift fuer angewandte Meteorologie, 57. Jahrg., 1940, p. 30-31.

 Nellen, Walter; ‚Klima und Fischerei’, DGM-Mitteilungen 4/1995, p. 11f.

 NN (Hungary), Zeitschrift für angewandte Meteorologie, 57 Jg, Heft 6, 1940, p. 202.

 Nusser, Franz (Gebiete); ‚Gebiete gleicher Eisvorbereitungszeit an den deutschen Kuesten’, in: Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Bd. 3, Heft 3/4, 1950,  p . 220-227.

 Nusser, Franz (Eisverhaeltnisse); ‚Die Eisverhältnisse des Winters 1947/48 an den deutschen Kuesten’, in: Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Bd. 1, Heft 4, 1948, pp. 149 –156.

 Nusser, Franz, (Arctic); ‘Distribution and character of sea ice in the European Artic’; Reprint from: “Arctic Sea Ice”, National Academy of Science – National Research Council,  Publication 598 (year NN, p. NN),

 NYT; The New York Times

 NZZ;  Neue Zürcher Zeitung und schweizerisches Handelblatt; „Neue Züricher Zeitung“.

 Östman, C.J.; ‘Den svara isvintern 1939/40’,  Statens Met-Hydro. Anst., Meddelanden Ser. Uppsatzer, No. 33, Stockholm 1940,  p. 1-25.

 Östman, C.J.; ‘Isvintern 1940-41 – En jämförselse med 1939-40’, Statens Met-Hydro. Anst., Meddelanden Ser. Uppsatzer, No. 38, Stockholm 1941, p. 2-10.

 Overy, R.J.; ‚The Air War 1939-1945’, London, 1980.

 Palmer, Tim; ‘A weather eye on unpredictability’, in: Hall, Nina (ed.); ‘Chaos – The new scientist Guide to Chaos’; London, 1991; pages 69 and 74.

 Palosuo, Erkki; ‚A Treatise on severe ice conditions in the central Baltic’, Fennia 77, No. 1, Helsinki 1953.

 Parker, Sybil P. (ed.); ‚Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences’, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia, New York, 1977.  (short) >   Parker, S. P. (ed.); ‚Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences’, ,New York, 1977.  >

 Pfannmoeller, Klaus; ‚Der Einfluss des Minenkrieges zur See auf die Gesamtkriegsfuehrung im Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg’, in: Truppenpraxis, 1962,  p. 403 ff.

 Piekalkiewicz, Janusz; ‘Der Erste Weltkrieg’, Augsburg, 1994.

 Piekalkiewicz, Janusz; ‚Der Zweite Weltkrieg’, Augsburg, 1997.

 Pocklington, Roger;  ‘Secular Changes in the Ocean off Bermuda’, in: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 77, No. 33, November 1972, p. 6604-6607.

 Potter, Elmar B., Chester W. Nimitz, Juergen Rohwer; ‘Seemacht – Eine Seekriegsgeschichte von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart’, Herrsching, 1986.

 Raschke, E. (ed.); ‘Scientific plan for the Baltic Sea Experiment (Baltex)’; Geesthacht, second edition, 1994.

 Rodewald, M. (Winter & Winter I);  ‚Das Zustandekommen der strengen europäischen Winter’, in: Annalen der Meteorologie, April/Mai 1948,  p. 97-99.

 Rodewald, M. (Barische & Winter II);  ‚Die barischen Vorbereitungen strenger und milder mitteleuropaeischer Winter’, in: Annalen der Meteorologie, April/Mai 1948, p. 99-105

 Rodewald, M. (Golfstrom); ‚Golfstrom und Wetter’, in: Annalen der Meteorologie,  Maerz-Heft 3,  1948,  p. 65-69.

 Rodewald, M. (Bemerkung); ‚Diskussionsbemerkungen – zu M. Rodewald ‚Golfstrom und Wetter’, 1948’; in: Annalen der Meteorologie, Juli/Ausgust 1948, p. 250.

 Rodewald, M. (Sea-surface);  ‘Sea-surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Ocean during the decade 1951-60, their anomalies and development in relation to the atmospheric circulation’, in: Change of Climate; Proc. of the Rome Symposium, UNESCO/WMO, 1963, pp. 97-105. 

Rohwer, Juergen and Huemmelchen, Gerhard; ‚Chronik des Seekrieges 1939-1945’, Oldenburg/Hamburg, 1968. The material is also available in German under::

http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/bfz/marine/index.html, Württembergische Landesbibliothek,Stuttgart. 

Rohwer, Juergen and Huemmelchen, Gerhard; ‚Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939-1945’,  London, 1992.

 Ropolewski, C.F. and Halpert, M.S.; ‘Global and regional scale precipitation pattern associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation’, Monthly Weather Review, 1987, No. 115,  p. 1606-1626.

 Ruge, Friedrich; ‘Entscheidung im Pacific’, Hamburg, 2nd edition, 1954.

 Sandstroem, J.W.; ‚World Temperature Anomalies’, in: Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Bd. 23, No.4 Stockholm, 1946-47,  p.17. 

Sauders, Hilary St. George; ‘Royal Air Force 1939-1945’, Vol. III, London, 1954.

 Scherhag, Richard (1951);  ‘Die grosse Zirkulationsstoerung im Jahr 1940’, in: Annalen der Meteorologie, 4. Jahrgang, Heft 7-9, 1951,  p.321-329.

 Scherhag, R. (Nordeuropa); ‘Eine bemerkenswerte Klimaveränderung über Nordeuropa’, in: Annalen der Hydrographischen Meteorologie, Maerz 1936, pp. 96-100.    

 Scherhag, R. (Arctic); ‚Die Erwaermung der Arktis’, in: Cons. Intern. Expl. Mer. Rap. Proc.- Verb., Copenhagen, 12, 1937,  p. 263-276.

 Scherhag, R. (Polargebiet); ‚Die Erwaermung des Polargebiets’, in: Annalen der Hydrographie, Jg. LXVII, 1939,  p. 57-67.

 Scherhag, R. (Milderung).; ‘Die gegenwaertige Milderung der Winter und ihre Ursachen’, in: Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, Juni 1939, pp. 292-302.

 Schofield, B.B.; ‚The Arctic Convoys’,  London, 1977.

 Schokalsky, J.; ‚Recent Russian researches in the Arctic Sea and the in mountains of Central Asia’, in: The Scottish Geographicial Magazine, Vol. 52, No.2,  March 1936,  p. 73-84.

 Schmidt, Rudi; ‘Achtung – Torpedos los! Der strategische und operative Einsatz des Kampfgeschwaders 26, Löwengeschwader, Das Torpedogeschwader der deutschen Luftwaffe im Zweiten Welkrieg’,  Bernard und Graefe Verlag,  1991.

 Schwabe, G.H.; ‚Kleinere Mitteilungen, Klimatologische Witterungs-schilderungen’, in: Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 1940,  p. 217-220.

 Seewarte:  refers to the daily weather charts of the  “Deutsche Seewarte, Abteilung: Wetterdienst”, with detailed weather observation and weather forecast and weather analysis, section “Witterungsübersicht”. 

 Slader, John; ‘The Fourth Service’ – Merchantmen at war 1939-45’, Corfe Mullen, Dorset, 1995.

 Smith, Thomas; R. Reynolds; C Ropelewski; ‘Optimal Averaging of Seasonal Sea Surface temperatures and Associated Confidence Intervals (1860-1989)’, in: Journal of Climate, 1994, pp. 949-964.

 Statens Meteorologisk-Hydrografiska Anstalt, ‚Arsbok’, ‚Månadsöversikt över Vänderlek och Vattentillgång’,  Argang 21-26, 1939 –1945,  Stockholm.

 Stellmacher, R. and Tiesel R.; ‚Über die Strenge der mitteleuropäischen Winter der letzten 220 Jahre – eine statistische Untersuchung’, Z. Meteorol. 39 (1989) 1,  p.56-59.

 Struebing, Klaus; ‚Meereisbeobachtungen in den deutschen  Kuesten-gebieten’, in:  DGM-Mitteilungen,  Heft 1-2, 1997,  p. 69-72.

 Svendrup, H.U.; ‘Oceanography for Meteorologists’, New York, 1942.

 Taffrail; Captain Taprell Dorling; ‚Swept Channels’, London 1938 (3rd ed).

 Thomas, David A.; ‘The Atlantic Star  1939-45’, London, 1990.

 Tomezaqk, G. und Goedecke, E.; ‚Die thermische Schichtung der Nordsee’, Publisher: Deutsches Hydrographisches Insitut, Hamburg, 1964

 Van Dyke, Carl; ‚The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939-40’,  London, 1997.

Wagner, Arthur; ‚Klimaaenderungen und Klimaschwankungen’, Braunschweig,  1940.

 Weickmann, L.; ‚Die Erwaermung der Arktis’, Berlin, 1942.

 Wexler, H. (Dust), ‚On the effects of volcanic dust on insulation and weather’, in: Bulletin American Meteorological Society, Vol. 32, No. 1, January 1951,  p. 10-15.

 Wexler, H. (Spread); ‘Spread of the Krakatoa Volcanic Dust Cloud as related to high-level circulation’, in: Bulletin American Meteorological Society, Vol. 32, No. 2,  February 1951, pp. 48-52.

 Winton, John; ‘Convoy – The defense of sea trade 1890-1990’, London 1983.

 Woodward, David; ‘The Russians at Sea’, London, 1965.

World Climate Research Programme (Publisher), WOCE, December 1991.

 Witterungsbericht; ‘Deutscher Witterungsbericht’, until 1939 (including) in: Zeitschrift „Wirtschaft und Statistik“, by Statistisches Reichsamt (publisher), since 1940 as ‚Deutscher Witterungsbericht 1940-1944’, Deutscher Wetterdienst in der US-Zone, Bad Kissingen, 1948.

 Wright, Peter B.; ‘Problems in the use of ship observations for the study of interdecadal Climate change’, Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 114, 1986, pp. 1028-1034.

 Yalciner, Ahmet Cevdet;  ‘The Source Mechanism of 1939 Black

Sea Tsunami’,  2004 (search www:  "OS13A", Ocean Science, OS13A CC: 520 F Monday 1330h, Tsunamis, Presiding:E.  Pelinovsky

Back to TOP

HOME Book-2005

Back to front page: www.climate-ocean.com

 

 

 

The PDF material covers 325 pages and was published in 2005